Document files last updated at 09:44 Jun. 25, 2024
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Document files last updated at 09:44 Jun. 25, 2024
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Su: I feel happy to be able to talk to you at this time.
Hui: Great.
Su: Let's come to our topic. (I was wondering) if it is possible for you to outline this basic law and how it was established.
Hui: For the actual details about the basic law, I think, Mike's book “Freedom Undone[1]” and, I think, you guys are also covering that, is going to be more useful, but what I can add, so this is not asked, and I still remember when Emily Lau[2] at the time was keeping Hong Kong people up. Hong Kong people were betrayed by the United Kingdom, and Margaret Thatcher[3] was very angry. And this is the best specific thing that we could get for you guys, you know, could be the Sino-British joints declaration was not as bad as people had fear, and prologue is you have no choice, and you just accept, accept it and hope for the best.
And then its own basic law with those people in power in Beijing, Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang, and Deng Xiaoping basically won a wow-ment, “Wow! we have these reformers in China. China is just going to really fundamentally change.“
And then the basic law also involved kind of voices of the people: even though there were new elections, it's hard to know who were important. But even early on, there were already signs that Beijing denied the Sino-British joint declaration, there were already calls for direct elections beginning in 1988. “Breach” was a hot phrase when I backtrack on it.
I remember those were the years when I was a university student, I remember that I was a journalist student, and one of my professors was commenting on those particularly, you know, is fired. And he was so upset that you know this isn’t an example of how not to ask questions in a survey as science. And then, in 1989, it was Tiananmen, and Beijing began to see Basic Law that actually came about to lay down the seeds of its own future destruction. So you talk about Hong Kong people using basic law, what is interesting is that, so I graduated and did my first job, really hated it, and then I worked for Martin Lee[4]. And I remember why after a while I quit was because Martin’s position was the Basic Law contained fundamental flaws, and that we ask for it to reflect fully promises made in the Sino-British Joint declaration; of course, that happened. And then 1997, I think nobody talked about it any more. It’s like, you know, if you can deliver all the promises in the water-down basic law, I think, people would have been okay. Now, the problem is that the basic law stipulates all the baby steps, elections of chief executive and that. “Okay, whatever.” And then, it was the expectation that people began to demand more democracy. You can see that how people were willing to settle with the basic law, and it’s only like trying to say, “Okay, things are not written down.” that means shelving up the article 23, the legislation that call into article 45 and 23 (concern) group, and so the conversation of the election of chief executive and the legislature up to 2007 operate, and then Beijing came down with a decision, “No, no, no. We have to wait for another ten years.” And people were so 乖 (obedient) that they just waited, “Okay, we just wait for another ten years.” It tied, and since that, “Okay, then we are going to be serious about these ten years. We are going to have to ask for, you know, get consultation and preparation beginning from 2014 up and general election in 2017, 2018.” Too late. This is what I want to say of Basic Law. But after 1997, everyone was willing, “Okay, you tell us to wait, you tell us to take the baby steps, we will take baby steps in the first ten years. You tell us that in another ten years the steps will be frozen, okay, we will wait, but not any longer.” This is how the protests flared up.
Su: Okay, I see. So, I would like to ask you why people, even though, for example, they had discontent, but still, they wanted to wait. So do you think it’s because people still believe that CCP would take it seriously some day in the future?
Hui: You know the way I see it is just like “we are not giving up”, and it's not we're marching in 1989, and then have a million. And in these days, so many Hong Kong people are in Taiwan, and one observation Hong Kong people have of Taiwan is the Civil Society there is weak and exquisite, because its democracy is from the top down. And So Hong Kong people were very organized, but just because you're organized, just because you're loud enough, it doesn't mean that you can get what you want. and then it was like “what can we do?”, “You still have to …, you know, you can't be sleeping in the streets for every liberty, but people did not like it: at every step of the way, people complain. But again it's like “there's not much we can do”.
So I really don't think it’s the CCP but rather thinking that “okay, we have to accept this reality”, and we actually turned out to be so easily corruptible. We felt that, I think, a lot of people felt that Hong Kong's freedoms, institutions, the rule of law, they were pretty solid and well-established for a long time, not new, and unlike many others’ cases, so, I think, that was the confidence there, and also accepting the reality.
Su: Uh, from the very beginning people in Hong Kong is somewhat like Chinese people today in China: probably like everybody is having complaints but they really do not want to take to the street to protest because that it’s risky, so (my) supervisor at that time, before 1997, he’d already immigrated, he told me, uh, “Hong Kong is doomed.”
Hui: So I think that is a really good question but I am also thinking if it is comparable. so, I was doing protesting. Until 2019, no one expected to get a hit, because it was still that, when you go protesting, and so, in a way that it was most fun, because, you know, you go with your friends, you dinner, and you go home, and you feel good that you've done something. So, I think, now it is very angry, but yet at the same time people don't dare say anything. Or if they can't bear it, they leave now, and so they are also thinking and behaving kind of like, you know, what a mainland Chinese would do. Um, but for a long time it wasn't the case, and so I would say people didn't expect it.
Your professor was probably one of the more prescient. I would say even as late …, so I’d like to actually quote myself, saying that even as late, even wrote down, published, that, you know, Beijing would not want to completely kill Hong Kong's system, because many people would be like me, they just kind of have a hard time thinking that Beijing would go this far to kill Hong Kong; and then when … I don't get it … but then by 2022, it’s going to be next to Shanghai, be prepared, and we did, for the zero Covid restrictions, did go to Shanghai, and it was …, people were miserable, and I finally realized that for Xi Jinping he’s about to totally doom it.
You know, people who used to say that Hong Kong (had no) future, but at the same time I would also say that, that voice was not very prominent, but we had enough power to resist a lot of the things going on, that we believe in basically Hong Kong's institutions or believe that it would still ultimately be in Beijing's interest not to kill Hong Kong.
Su: And then about the two annual protests in Hong Kong organized by Hong Kong Alliance[5] and another organized by Civil Human Rights Front (CHRF[6]), a coalition of about 50 organizations, after 2003, I would say that this is a very good and mature platform, so I would like to go back to 1989: what did they do beyond these two days?
Hui: You know Eric Lai[7], so he may write about 民阵 (CHRF). It was Chan Ziji[8], the Chinese new chair, and then he was also involved in the 民阵 (CHRF) process, because … so, in a way that the Alliance, because it was formed in 1989, and then stay on, and then the Democratic party, kind of overlapping, because essentially it's the same people who have formed the Alliance, was also like, “well, now what do we do? uh today's Tiananmen, we try to ask for citizenship rights from the US, the UK passports from the UK, and they showed us down, the Beijing government, which means that you need form a party. And so, pretty much the same people, they moved on to form the United Democrats of Hong Kong. That's when I … so I worked with them in 1991 to 94. And then, but because it’s the same group overlapping so much. By the time that …. There was a thing in every movement: once you become seen as being established, people don't like you anymore. So, the Democratic in 94 to form the Democratic party did exactly the same thing: go March, and go protest, go sing some songs, light candles, and then go home, and achieve nothing. So, the arguments were already there.
And then in 2003, what is interesting is that it was a group of lawyers, who came out to mobilize support with the rainbow, pamphlets, and Margaret Ng[9] was one of those, but also Audrey. Really, uh Margaret Ng, Audrey Eu[10] and all those people. And new faces new forces, and they mobilized over the previous 10 years. So, up to 2003, the attendance was going down down down down down…. You can‘t look at it anymore. And then in 2003, half a million people (were) showing in the streets. And young people, overwhelmingly young people, new faces, so were representing new phase of the movement, and from the article 23 concern group, then they turn around to form the article 45 concern group, and then formed the Civic party.
The Civic party got a lot of seats, and Democrats were like, “Sure, you know, we share so much, ideas, ideology, and everything. So, well, years later, the Civil party was also considered a stale, and outdated, and so you had all these other radicals who came out to want to, kind of get, uh it was like, you know, “You guys are not doing anything.” So it becomes like that.
But you're quite right about the 民阵 (CHRF), because what's…, and also, you mentioned the two annual protests. Fair often, people now especially young people, who began their protest life only in 2019, they don't know that what really matters is not just the two days of protest, and then go have dinner, and then the next day you forget about it, because these organizations will spend all this time, the rest of the whole year, holding meetings, helping each other radications, and conducting workshops, and getting connected.
Essentially all the Civil Society building happen to agree on, you know, this year's theme: it’s going to be this and that, how we are going to, you know, coordinate, who's going to do what. And so, a lot of the young people, they, uh the University students, the student union leaders, they became basically, they go through more less this pipeline that they became um activists themselves. And a lot of social workers, a lot of them, essentially, would all be funnelled through this kind of like multiple streams into activism, and converging with the 民阵 (CHRF).
So, in a way Hong Kong Civil Society was also a lot of coordinating, and then another thing Democratic was accountable, because officials were like, “we all …”. What I heard from, for example, Fermi Wong[11] and a lot of those social worker groups and even if you ask Demosisto members, they would be like, “you know when we go have meetings with government officials, they were so nice to us: they were um uh they gave us advice, they treated us, and so it was really very good State-Society coordination cooperation”. And so now we also know that, you know, things can change very easily from the top down: once the top imposes orders, nobody dares deviate, I guess, you know, if you don't sign the um the pledge that you're going to abide by the basic law, and they …
Su: That's true. If we compare with the 2019, 2012 protest was kind of quite successful. That assessment is seven out of 10. So now if we move on to the students’ protest, or we say students and younger adults, I think, it’s very different from the previous, the older generation’s protests: so their protest is very regular; and then the younger students they have very clear appeals.
Hui: You’re quite right. So, then, yeah, it was seen as being too established: they were professionals, and then they formed the Civic party, and then a few years later they were also seen as being too established and outdated. And so then the students came out. The students actually first protest against High-Speed railway, yeah, and then also they protest against the railway, because everywhere you build high speed Railway, because you have the straight line, so all the villages along the way are destroyed. And students began to protest about that in 2009, and then a lot of the same young students going out to protest in their school uniforms after school, many of them would then join Joshua Wong, Agnes Chow, and Nathan Law[12] in 2012.
Now their own group, Demosisto[13], and so what is interesting is that, by 2019, they were also seen as outdated. Joshua Wong was in jail on June 9th or June 12 2019, and the smartest thing he did was after coming out of jail was not to presume to be a leader, the leader of a movement that he didn't help organize, but to just stay quiet. So this is very important, because also in 2014: why the movement in 2019 had no leader? Because people learn from the lesson: there were a Federation of of University Students[14], and then also the young Demosisto. People did not like that. So already the current that “peaceful protests are useless” emerged in 2014, in a way that the occupy movement fail, known as “because they (didn’t) have the authority to leave”; then he wanted to conduct a poll on whether to stay or to retreat, he couldn't even do it: he was stopped from doing it and he didn't dare do it without sufficient support. And then so duration of students announced that “we're going to storm the the government house”. That was a disaster, because they did it under immense pressure by the radicals already.
Clear goals. We want democracy; we want to … or the Alliance, essentially the Alliance’s number one goal, two terms over 平反 (vindication), and then, and also Chinese Democracy; and then when it comes to Hong Kong itself, it's always about we need democracy in order to protect Hong Kong's Freedom. Hong Kong people never believe that, through all those years, it's always about asking … pressing for more democracy, and every step of the way was rejected.
I don't think that the ICNC people are (inaudible). I think the goals are clear. And the way also why I argue in my Jan 2020 piece[15] in the JOD[16], every time we score a victory _ so 2003 we thought that we won, “Oh, we….”, but indeed, they are victories in battles, and then 2012, the government shelf the …, then we celebrated that …, then we scored a victory, but again it was just a battlefield victory.
It became Hong Kong second Government after 2003. It was kind of the same things that would actually begin to pick up pace, even out Hong Kong’s autonomy. Then it was also the “okay, you guys don't want to have a particular course on National Education? Doesn't matter.” They actually were pushing out National Education through history, through Chinese, these other subjects. I still remember when I finally began interested in Chinese history because I was like “oh my God I read the same Chinese history textbooks as all these other guys across the border”. I took exactly the same belief that unification was always China's destiny, that everything of Chinese traditions is all about, you know, we don’t… we are not fit for democracy… all of those. All of those lies, I believed in utmost, most of that. And so essentially the whole package basically was just broken into separate pieces, and now they all come to back together. After felt-great study to the 20s, because every single victory that we got was communal victory in a particular battlefield, and in the end, Beijing is very determined to completely bulldoze the whole thing. And this is also kind of what you from Canada would kind of believe essentially. If we really go back to the north, I would also like to attribute this whole of Tiananmen thing as it’s supposed to be from day one.
Su: Yeah, thank you. When we talk about strategy, we want to say that we need to find a goal and that goal should be guiding all the battlefield … yet when we review the Hong Kong movements, we find out that yes, we have the battlefield, but the strategic or the final victory …, so I think, probably that is because we have a final goal, but we do not have a strategy to find a way to achieve that. They do not really have a long-term plan, just like what you say is, and yet, it will never happen, so they will do by themselves. But at least if you want to be a leader to lead the people to that final victory, then you have to start to plan from that time. I think probably realize in their heart that this will not happen so we have to do something from the very beginning.
Hui: So, actually I know the ICNC[17] people so well and I know the argument so well and I teach Global Struggles for Freedom. So, one thing is that I think it is correct, that there was not a very strong strategy, because people, the Venezuelans when in Nicaragua, they realize they share so much in common. In every single case, I think, that's true; and yet, at the same time, I think, this is where I disagree with ICNC, and I know their literature so well. Sometimes I also say I don't even know how to talk to them guys, and I know them. And Chenoweth[18] and I actually we got together when we were barely PhDs. um is that, every single movement, both successful and failed cases, especially in cases, I like to teach about Ukraine first and then Hong Kong second. It’s same goal. You get me all the reasons for Hong Kong's failure according to icnc's playbook: they turned to violence, they didn't have strategy, the opposition leaders, didn't like each other … Whatever reason they can list are exactly the same that happened in Ukraine, whether in 2004 during the orange movement[19] or in the Maidan movement[20] of 14th. So, what explains their success wasn’t their strategy, but rather, if someone is to, basically, is to, chicken out, yet in covert.
And then in another case, so if you look at South Africa, what strategy did they have? they hated each other. Then, India. I’ve written articles on it, is that who is the Indian leader? Not Gandhi[21]. Gandhi is nobody for India. It is actually he's a hero for, you know, the rest of the world, but not in India.
And essentially, and then the second issue I want to (say is), I don't think that Hong Kong people, Hong Kong political leader, just, even though, so when I said that they're very 乖 (obedient),when 10 years (were up), then when a decision, you know, you guys have to wait for another 10 years, people were waiting. It was actually a deep understanding. Uh, lot of people didn't really want, you know, they believed in the end, they were to, just sort of, completely erase everything that we value, and so what could you do? You are not allowed to win, but if you do not lose ground, or if you lose ground, and … look at Ukraine today, enough support. But if the longer you can hold out, that’s a quasi victory. Ukraine can never win, you know … what is victory for Ukraine? Recovering all the territory that's been lost? Forget it. Holding the line. So, I would argue that for so long what the Democrats are not being seen is that encroachment for as long as possible, if basically they would not allow you to move forward. So, if you can all stand together and hold the line, or essentially you eventually going to be bulldozed, but still if you can snag. so, that is what I would say three decades of democracy movements managing to hold the line, so that Beijing wanted to impose National Security Law as early as 2003, managed the line for 20 years. Actually a lot of people do not see.
Su: So you would like to say holding for 20 years itself is a success already a victory, right?
Hui: It's just the best that we could do. It's just like if you ask the Ukrainians, if they manage to hold the line, don’t want to lose. Since 2019, Hongkongers basically we just completely got crashed. An invisible tank or basically whole row of invisible tanks came over crack.
Su: So if time could go back, do you think there's a way for the Hong Kong people (to) find a way to achieve their goals, of course, I mean peacefully?
Hui: I do believe that my argument right and that it’s not. And so essentially I just don't think that we could have done anything better. I think that, interpretively, because people will ask (if) the intensity of protest only invited the severity of the crackdown, but the crackdown was going to come no matter what. Why as said in 2019 … so it was just about … we were just to put a challenge, it’s: well, if we're going to fall, and was kind of like the slogan got to fall, we're just going to collapse, we couldn't stand it any longer. And while we fall and so let the whole world know that we did not fall without a fight.
Could things have turned out differently? I will point the fingers at the British government at Margret Thatcher: if they had a good deal? Yet, now, you’re listening to me in 2020 because of the National Security Law because of this: I, they did not include any …, not enough to file in the agreement: there was no enforcement mechanism. And II, when people, Hong kong people, all counsellors, the legislative counsellors turned in 1994, “we need protection, give us the UK passport, give us protection”, because we know that with the exit option, you decide if it is the option. They knew that they had a way to go, and so they would have to watch what all would be coming. I think that's the only way.
And then another way is also, I'm also going to be blaming the British in 1972 upon Hong Kong out of the list of colonies, because colonies are destined for future self-determination, and actually, it's the UK that bears essentially all the responsibilities, not that, you know, the Chinese government. It doesn't bear responsibility, because they were the people who sold us out. If anything, that you could grab, the UK basically cannot deny its responsibility if we're good to rewrite history.
Su: Yeah. So actually, for us in China I think um the lesson that we can learn is that we should not always try to hope for any Western government. Continue with the 2019 movement, which was harshly repressed by strong violence. Why do you think they faced such a tough (repression)?
Hui: Oh, respond to the point about Western Government, I think you're quite right that every democracy has to come from its own people. Now this is not to say so because I, act also as the co-founder of Hong Kong Democracy Council and I worked in the Congress and stuff, the usefulness is very limited. I think ultimately you have to translate your cause into ways that in a way it will affect their interest before they would take any actions, so the Hong Kong democracy and human rights act[22], it was killed, and it went no nowhere for 5 years until the 1 million protest in June, and then after June, Pelosi[23] said that I'm going to really pass it as soon as we go back to session, and until 2019, it was sitting in the senate for so long until the invasion of the two universities, the Chinese U and the …(inaudible) in real life, that finally Mitch McConnell[24] could not resist the pressure to table it, and so then it passed the Senate, and then the next Bill, the Hong Kong autonomy act[25], I don't want to go into details, it really is just something that that members of Congress passed, but then there’s no teeth, it’s just useless, just so that they can say that they've done something.
And then what is the most important thing that could really help people is humanitarian migration. Now again people talked a lot, but then ultimately it was supposed to go on The Fast Track in the Senate, Ted Cruz[26] just said you know I I'm afraid that they are going to be Chinese spy among Hong Kong people, so he said, “No, I have to object the migration for Hongkongers so they just have to go through the same long line for everybody to get asylum, which means many years. I know most people other than one case who got it in six months, some entering the US in 2019, they still have not heard anything. So, that is the government part.
On the other hand, there there are other entrants. Many more. So, the former presidential candidate of Venezuela, the former opposition leader of whatever country, they are all in the United States, they're all in exile, and kept going. Essentially because our experience is so simple, we really have to form a kind of Democracy Alliance together, because dictators sharing their surveillance technology, they're sharing their police training, and all of that. And other aspect of international collaboration is useful, but then they don't really have a lot of resources.
Ultimately, the Sino-British joint declaration was filed with the UN. China voluntarily signed. What it hates the most is when the UNHCR[27] write a report on Xinjiang[28], this is why they took so much effort: they went through so huge links to silence the report, to try to make sure the report is not going to be too critical and try to silence it. It really want to get legitimacy from the UN system, from other countries. And if you're going to have France and Germany and the United Kingdom and the United States, not just that they're not reliable, but they also are seen as essentially this, what all the National Security laws are targeting: cutting off any kind of foreign collusion, but the UN is still one way.
Now then another question you had about … now I forgot the other question.
Su: So, when we were students, actually, the government were not so harsh.
Hui: So this is also another thing they learned from Ukraine and I also tell the students that Hong Kong people play with the fire in many many many street corners, and through the whole summer. And it is just so striking how protesters learn from the Ukrainian opposition, and at the same time, police tactics also learn so much. In Ukraine, they target first aiders, they target first aid stations. They target people's heads their eyes their head to maximize the injuries. When someone was fired and not … and fell, and another person goes to try to rescue him up. And the same thing were played in Hong Kong.
Why would they do that? I have have an argument about it, published in early 2020. Why they wanted to do this, because they wanted to stop the protest. They were likely use threat. You know, these people are fearless: we use whatever to do that, the number of front liners was very limited. And therefore, if we arrest them, (and) if we follow the old rule of arresting them, then you know after 48 hours, they will charge them; and at the time when they haven't corrupted, the judicial system, so the expectation was, if we arrest these people, they're just going back out to the streets to protest. And so what they did then was to injure them in order to de-capacitate the movement.
Why? it is obvious that they were trying to injure them was also that the police would arrest people in hospitals, so to the point that the first aiders had to worry for themselves and they also had to worry about how to to give these people care. And then another thing is there was this famous case of a UST student who jump off a shopping mall, and then he was denied …, the ambulances tried to take him, but then they were delayed for over an hour and then die. This is all why: they wanted these people to die, or suffer from such an injury that … if we arrest them, essentially it is the whole campaign to be capacitated. There's another even more serious case. On July 1st, …
Su: Okay, so actually they deliberately do that to deter the other people, right?
Hui: To deter the other people, and to also make these people who cannot be deterred out, disable them, so that they cannot return, they're so injured. And then there's another. If we take a good lesson from ICNC, repression should backfire, except that Beijing learned all those lessons from ICNC and Gene Sharp[29]. Backfire? and if that helps to convince people that nonviolence has failed us? Great! So why police officers understood very well that at every single protest site, there were multiple people filming them. Apple Daily was there, Stand news was there, Citizen news was there. The New York Times had 30 people. In every single police abuse actual police abuse was filmed on call and filmed live.
Why would they want to do that? And remember think about even black-lives-matters, the scenes of police putting the boots on people's face and neck? That was a daily scene everywhere. Why? They want people to be out of it.
Su: So that is on the protesters side.
Hui: So their violence to backfire. They want to deter, because they know how to arrest people; they do not know how to deal with boycotts and strikes, or people who just sing songs.
Su: We talked about how people do the protest, and then I remember you also said that it's not enough. So we have to strike, boycott, like this kind of things. So this we call decentralized strategy. However, back in 2019, people also tried to call for general strike, but not so successful. So what do you think is the reason that general strike was …
Hui: A very interesting point. So why the young people they occupy Chinese U[30] and that, because they understood that these universities just happen to sit right next to major transportation lines. They wanted to stop the traffic. And because they had tried to stay the MTR stations, and people ignored that. Now, think about it that there was a major general strike on August 5. All flight crews of the crew joined and then made its way afterwards. Strikes may … You know Hong Kong people sent a message. It’s said almost like in no time the Cathy Pacific[31] was taken over: the CEO was changed, was replaced. And every single Cathy Pacific staff who was called into manager's office, “is this your Facebook page? You posted …” it was a total change over.
Now, people want to keep the job. it's something that is very very difficult to handle. Another thing Mandela also concluded that strikes and boycotts didn't work, because if you just tell people to go and strike, yes, they're decentralized, yes, maybe people are not arrested that easily, unlike you know in a shop where everyone was Massacre. But they lose the job; they lose their high paid job: Cathy Pacific staff were highly skilled, and once they lose the job, it's difficult for them to find another job. So people learned their lesson. And then they also learn another lesson: after all, the most nonviolent way to protest is actually the ballot. So, people exercised the ballots on November 24, and they won in a landslide. While maybe it’s split by half of the Democratic voice, but still maybe, it is possible to win 35 plus one seat. And then people also learned the lesson that by the end of the year all the front liners had either been arrested or injured so much that they were all gone. And so the moderates came back on the stage, they won the elections and then there also … there were about 6,000 new unions formed at the turn of 2019 2020. People understood we are going to be … we need to be more here. So medical workers, they got together because medical workers already have a very strong union. They got together and they voted to go on strike against Covid, not about democracy, but about Covid, telling the Hong Kong government to shut down the border. They call in sick. And then everyone who call in sick, “Now, you have to explain what happened to you, because otherwise we're going to presume that you participated in this strike.” And there were penalties for that, but because Hong Kong is so in such huge shortage of medical staff, so they didn't really fire them but punish them for being organized.
You have more here: the consumer boycott in townships in the 1980s, they eventually worked, because they were very well prepared, they had stock up enough supply for four months, so that they could then tell people that, “don't go buy in Black shop”. All the stock, all the supplies formed, if you go buy them you know from …, all other blacks in every boycott …. (But) you don't last very long.
People need to go back to work; people need to go back to their life. You need to prepare and people were taking the lesson that we need to be way more organized. That’s the organizations and (they) arrest all the organizers include organizers.
Su: okay I think it's really good conversation
Hui: Yes, thank you so much, Lili.
Su: I know it's so deep in your night. Thank you, thank you so much.
Hui: Sleep now, good night!
[1] Davis, Michael C. (2024), “Freedom Undone: The Assault on Liberal Values and Institutions in Hong Kong”, ISBN: 9781952636448. E-Book ISBN: 9781952636455. Columbia University Press, 2024
[2] Emily Lau Wai-hing: 劉慧卿
[3] Margaret Thatcher: Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher,玛格丽特·撒切尔夫人,英国前首相,与中国签署了中英关于香港主权移交的协议
[4] Martin Lee,Martin Lee Chu-ming,中文名,李柱铭
[5] Hong Kong Alliance:香港支联会
[6] Civil Human Rights Front:民间联合阵线,简称“民阵”
[7] Eric Lai: Eric Yan-ho Lai,中文名:黎恩灏
[8] Chan Ziji: 中文名为岑子杰,Jimmy Sham Tsz-kit
[9] Margaret Ng, 吴蔼仪,Margaret Ng Ngoi-yee, 香港前立法會法律界議員
[10] Audrey Eu, 余若薇,Audrey Eu Yuet-mee,香港資深大律師,前公民黨黨魁及主席、香港立法會議員及前香港大律師公會主席。
[11] Fermi Wong: 黄凤仪,香港著名社工和活动家,尤以倡导少数族裔的正利著称
[12] Joshua Wong, Agnes Chow, and Nathan Law 的中文名分别为:黄之锋、周庭、罗冠聪
[13] Demosisto: 香港眾志
[14] Federation of of University Students: 香港專上學生聯合會(學聯),英文全稱:Hong Kong Federation of Students
[15] 2020 piece; 指2020年发表的论文
[16] JOD:《Journal of Democracy (民主期刊)》,英文学术杂志
[17] ICNC: International Conflict of Nonviolent Center(国际非暴力冲突中心)
[18] Chenoweth: Erica Chenoweth (美国政治学家,哈佛大学教授,以研究大规模运动著称)
[19] Orange movement: 橙色革命,发生于2004年
[20] Maidan Movements:独立广场运动,发生于2014年
[21] Ghandi: M. K. Gandhi (甘地,印度独立运动领袖)
[22] Hong Kong democracy and human rights act: The Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019 (HKHRDA),美国联邦法令,要求联邦政府制裁“負責侵犯香港人權的中國及香港官員”,並要求美國國務院和其他美國政府機構每年進行一次審查
[23] Pelosi: Nancy Pelosi (南希·佩洛西,前众议院议长), an American politician who served as the 52nd speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 2007 to 2011 and again from 2019 to 2023.
[24] Mitch McConnell:Addison Mitchell McConnell III(米奇·麦康纳尔,前参议院议长) is an American politician and retired attorney who has been serving as Senate Minority Leader since 2021 and senior United States senator from Kentucky since 1985
[25] Hong Kong autonomy act: 《香港自治法》(英語:Hong Kong Autonomy Act),是一項美国联邦法律,於2020年7月14日生效。《香港自治法案》授权美国联邦政府以金融制裁方式惩罚实施《香港版國安法》的中華人民共和國与香港特別行政區政府官员[2][3],镇压香港示威者的香港警察和制裁对象往来業務的实体。
[26] Ted Cruz:美国共和党参议员
[27] UNHCR:联合国难民署,此处应指OHCHR(联合国人权署)
[28] report on Xinjiang: OHCHR Assessment of human rights concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China(联合国人权高专办对中华人民共和国新疆维吾尔自治区人权关切问题的评估),于2022年8月发表
[29] Gene Sharp: 吉恩·夏普,美国已故政治科学家,创立了非暴力运动理论,爱因斯坦研究院创始人
[30] Chinese U: Chinese University of Hong Kong (香港中文大学)
[31] Cathy Pacific:香港国泰航空
苏:很高兴这次能和你交谈。
许:很好。
苏:那我们就直入主题吧。可否请你概述基本法及其建立的过程?
许:关于基本法的具体细节,我认为,迈克(Michael C. Davis)的书《自由的解体(Freedom Undone)》会更有用,而且你们也在研讨这个话题。
但我想补充一点,这可能是并没有被问及的:我仍然记得当时刘慧卿(Emily Lau) 呼吁港人保持清醒,说香港人被英国背叛了,而玛格丽特·撒切尔夫人(Margaret Thatcher)非常恼火。我们能给你们的最好的解释是,可能《中英联合声明》并不像人们所担心的那么糟糕,前提是,你别无选择,只能接受它,并希望一切都朝好的方向发展。
然后才是基本法本身以及在北京掌权的人,如胡耀邦、赵紫阳。邓小平在当时赢得了大家的惊叹,大概是,“哇,我们在中国有了这些改革者,中国将发生真正的根本性的改变。
基本法还涉及到人民的声音:尽管有了新的选举,但谁是重要人物还是很难知道。但即便在早期,已经有迹象表明,北京违反了《中英联合声明》,早在1988年的时候就已经有了直接选举的呼声,如果我回溯以前的记录,“违约”则是当时的一个热门词。
我记得那些年我还是一名大学生,我记得我学的是新闻学,我的一位教授特别就此作了评论,结果,他被解雇了,他非常沮丧,你知道这可不是一个如何在科学调查中不提问的例子。
1989年发生了天安门事件,北京开始意识到《基本法》实际上给未来的自我毁灭埋下了种子。你谈到香港人使用《基本法》,有趣的是,我毕业后找到了第一份工作,非常讨厌它,我转而为李柱铭(Martin Lee)工作。我记得,过了一段时间,我辞职了,因为Martin认为《基本法》存在根本性的缺陷,而我们的要求是《基本法》完全反映《中英联合声明》中的承诺。当然,结果就是这样了。这样直到1997年,我认为没有人再谈论这这个问题了。
就当时的状况,我认为,如果你能基于已经被侵蚀的《基本法》兑现所有的承诺,人们还是可以接受的。但问题是,《基本法》规定了所有的逐步走向全民选举的步骤,包括行政长官的选举等等,人们的态度就好像是,“好吧,我们可以将就。”
接下来的心理预期是人们会开始要求更多的民主。过程中,你可以看到人们还是很愿意接受基本法的。他们只不过是试图说,“好吧,有些事还没有写下来”,这就是公众对第23条,以及后来把第45条和23条的立法问题摆一起的关注,它们涉及到关于行政长官和立法会选举等。
到了2007年,人们准备实施《基本法》了,结果,北京作出了决定,“不,不,不,我们必须再等十年。” 人们非常“乖”,他们就“乖乖”地去等:“那好吧,我们再等十年”,但是,“若这样,我们会认真对待这十年:我们必须从2014年开始进行咨询和准备,并在2017年和2018年按1997年之后的基本法进行选举,选出我想要的。”太晚了!这就是我希望就基本法作的介绍。
1997年以后,没人叫板了,大家都很听话,“好吧,前十年,你叫我们等,你叫我们一小步一小步地来,我们就一小步一小步;过了十年,你告诉我们这些步骤将再被冻结十年,好吧,我们等,但不能再久了。”这就是抗议爆发的原因。
苏:为什么人们心中有不满,但是仍然选择等待?你是否认为这是因为人们仍然相信中共会在未来的某一天认真对待基本法?
许:你知道,我是这样看的,它就好像是在说:我们不是放弃,但也不是像1989年那样团结起来游行,那时我们有一百万人上街。当时有很多港人在台湾,他们对台湾人的一个观察结论是,那里的公民社会实际上很弱很不稳定,而且他们的民主还是自上而下的;对比香港,港人是很有组织的,然而,有组织和声音大并不代表你可以得到你想要的。结果就是类似于这样一种感叹,“该怎么办?总不至于为每一个自由都去躺大街吧?”但人们对现状又都不喜欢:在过程中的每一步,人们都在抱怨。然而,结果仍然是“我们做不了太多”。
所以我不认为真的是中共的因素在里面,反而是认为,人们有这样一种心态,“好吧,这就是我们的现实。“但我们其实就是这么容易被击垮。我想当时我们觉得,或者说许多人觉得,长时间以来香港的自由、运作机制、法治体系都是相当坚固和完备的,不像很多其他的案例那样,它们是新兴的民主体。所以,我认为,这其中体现着一种信心,但也包含着对现实的接受。
苏:从一开始,香港人就有点像今天在中国的中国人,可能心里有抱怨,但它们不会真正地想要上街抗议,可能是风险太大吧。当年我的一个上司在1997年以前就移民了,他告诉我说,香港结局会很惨,甚至比不过上海。
许:我认为这是一个很好的问题,但我怀疑它有没有可比性。 我也参加抗议,直到2019年,没人期望能取得成功,因为当时你去参加抗议,从某方面讲,它更像是令人开心的活动,因为你知道,你和朋友一起去,然后吃饭,然后回家,然后你觉得你做了一点事。
我想现在是非常非常恼火的时候,但同时,人们已经不敢发声了。或者,如果他们无法忍受,他们会选择离开。所以现在,他们的所想所为就有点像你所说的在大陆的中国人一样。但很长一段时间,情况并不是这样的。但我得说人们是没有料到会是这样的结局。
你的上司可能是更有预见性的人,但我敢说,即使已经到比较晚的时候……我还是引述一段我自己的话来说吧,虽然已经是比较晚的时候,但我还是写下来并发表了,就是,北京不会希望完全扼杀香港的制度,因为,很多人,就和我一样,难以想象中共会做得那么过分,直到完全扼杀香港。
然而到了2022年,香港将不如上海的判断才成为当时的心理预期,当时为Covid的零容忍政策,确实去了上海,而且,人们很痛苦。那时我终于才明白过来,习近平就是要完全扼杀香港。所以,有人说香港未来会被断送,但我得说,那个声音在当时不是主导性的,我们当时有足够的力量来抵御很多一路以来发生的事情,在大的方面,我们还是对香港的制度有信心,我们也相信扼杀香港并不符合北京的利益。
苏:另外,关于⾹港的两次年度抗议活动,⼀个是由香港⽀联会组织的,另⼀个是在2003年后,由约50个组织联合⽽成的民间⼈权阵线(简称,民阵,CHRF)组织的,我得说这是⼀个⾮常好且成熟的平台,所以我想回到1989年,请问在这两天之外,他们还做了什么?
许:你知道黎恩灏(Eric Lai), 他可能在写作民阵的内容,主要人物是岑子杰(Jimmy Sham Tsz-ki), 他是来自中国的新主席,他也参与了民阵的过程。从某种意义上说,港支联,因为它是1989年组建的,此后,它一直继续下去,再后来就有了民主党。不过,它们之间重叠度其实很高,因为主要还是同一批人组建了支联会。他们当时的困惑就像是,“那么,我们现在该怎么办?呃,面对今天的天安门大屠杀,我们试图从美国要求公民正利,要求英国给我们英国护照,而北京政府已经和我们摊牌了……,这一切导向的结果是,我们还是要组建自己的政党。所以,基本上还是同样一批人,他们在后来组建了香港的民主党。那时我还在与他们一起工作,那是1991年至1994年的时候。当时的所有的运动都面临着同一个困扰:一旦你被认为“建制化”了,人们就不再喜欢你了。而民主党组党直到1994年,他们所做的事与之前完全一样:游行、抗议、唱一些歌,点蜡烛,然后回家,结果是毫无所成。所以,你所问的在当时就有人这样问了。
到2003年,有意思的是,当年有一群律师出来,他们带着彩虹、小册子出来动员大家的支持,这其中有吴蔼仪(Margaret Ng),还有Audrey(余若薇)。像吴蔼仪, 余若薇等等的所有这些人,他们是新面孔,新生力量。而在过去十年间,他们一直做着社会动员,所以,直到2003年,出来参加的人数本来是一直在下降、下降、下降……,都已经下降到目不忍睹了,到2003年的时候,一下子有了半百万的人上街,而且是年轻人,绝大多数都是年轻人和新面孔,这标志着运动进入到了新阶段。这时原来的第23条关注组转而也关注第45条,这时,公民党诞生了。
公民党得到了很多议席,民主党的态度是,“当然好啦,你知道,我们有那么多的共同点,想法、理念等等的所有方面。然而,仅仅几年后,公民党也被认为是腐朽和过时了。所以,你总是可以看到另一些激进的人,他们公开的表态大概就是,”你们这些人什么都没有做。“情况一直就是像这样的。
不过你关于民阵的说法还是有道理的,你还提到了一年两次的抗议。 公平地讲,人们,尤其是现在的年轻人,他们仅仅是从2019年才开始他们的抗议生涯,他们只看到了人们在这两天参加抗议,然后去吃饭,然后第二天就把所有这些事忘得干干净净。而他们不知道的是,在这两天的抗议之外,更重要的是,这些组织用了全年的所有其他的时间去开会、互相帮助、去传播信息、组织培训活动,并保持社会交往。
基本上,所有的公民社会圈都会达成一致,例如,当年的主题,它可能是这个或是那个,如何去实施,比如,协调方面,谁要做什么等等。期间,有很多年轻人,他们包括大学生,学生联合会的领导人,或多或少地,他们基本上就是通过这样的管道变成了活动家的。此外,还有很多的社会工作者(社工)和许许多多其他的人,基本上都从四面八方的各种渠道进入社会活动领域,从而汇聚到民阵的平台上。
所以,从某种意义上说,香港的公民社会本身就是一种协作的结果,此外,还有一点也应归因于民主派,因为政府之于它,就好像是“我们都……”,就我所听到的,像黄凤仪(Fermi Wong)以及很多其他社工群体所形容的那样,甚至如果你问香港众志(Demosisto)的成员,连他们也会说,“你知道吗?当我们和政府官员开会时,他们对我们可好了,他们给我们提建议,还会招待我们。所以,这确实是一个真正高质量的政府-社会之间的协作与合作。”但是现在我们也知道了,自上而下的改变是非常容易发生的:一旦上面发布命令,没人敢违命。我猜,一旦你不签署效忠基本法的誓言的话,他们肯定……
苏:确实如此。如果我们将2012年的抗议和2019年相比,2012年的抗议还是挺成功的,其评分是7/10。如果我们转入到学生抗议,或者说,学生和年轻人的,抗议话题,我觉得他们与老一辈的抗议非常不同,老一辈的抗议总是很有规律,而年轻人却是有非常明确的诉求。
许:你说的确实是,老一辈人被认为太过于建制化了,他们是有成就的专业人士,而且他们组建了公民党,过了没几年,他们也被认为是太过于建制化而过时了。
后来,学生们出来了。学生们实际上首先是抗议高铁,因为建高铁之处都是直线,所以沿途的所有村庄都被摧毁了。学生们开始在2009年对此进行抗议,当时很多这样的年轻学生,他们在放学后穿着校服出来抗议,他们中的许多人后来在2012年加入了黄之锋(Joshua Wong)、周庭(Agnes Chow)和罗冠聪(Nathan Law)他们 。
这也就是他们自己的组织,香港众志。然而,有意思的是,即便是香港众志,他们自己的组织,到了2019年,也被认为是过时了。黄之锋在6月12日、6月19日被抓入狱,他做的最聪明的事情是在出狱后没有在一场他没有帮助组织的运动中自称是领导者,而是保持沉默。这非常重要,也与2014年有关。
先谈一个重要现象,2019年的运动没有领导人。为什么没有?因为2014年的运动有领导,他们是大学生的学联(香港专上学生联合会),还有年轻的香港众志,但人们不喜欢这样。所以,在2014年的时候,就已经有呼声出来了,认为“和平抗议根本没有用”,因为从某种程度上,占中运动失败了,是因为他们被认为“没有权力撤离”,当时他希望做一个民意调查来决定要留还是要撤,结果,他做不了,做这件事的计划被阻挡了,而没有足够的支持,他不敢这样去做。
所以,在这次的僵持阶段,学生宣布要冲击政府大楼,这简直是一场灾难,因为他们是在激进派的强大压力下而采取的这次行动。
清晰的目标,“我们要民主;我们要……”,或者说大体上,香港支联会的首要目标就是两个词:“平反”和 “民主中国”;当涉及到香港本身时,始终是“我们需要民主来保护香港的自由”。香港人从不相信它,在所有这些年来,始终是在力争得到更多的民主,而这其中的每一步又都遭到了拒绝。
我不认为ICNC(国际非暴力冲突中心)的人……(听不清)。我认为目标是明确的。这种情况也是为什么我要在2020年1月的民主杂志(Journal of Democracy ,JOD)文章中提出争议,每次我们取得胜利,例如,2003年我们以为我们赢了,但实际上,这些只是一场战斗中的胜利:2012年,政府搁置了国民教育科,于是我们庆祝,“我们取得了胜利”,但这也只是战场上的一次胜利。
2003年后,成立了香港第二届政府,实际上国民教育在这时开始加快了步伐,侵蚀了香港的自治。他们的做法就是,“好吧,你们不想要特定的国民教育课程?”没关系,他们实际上通过历史、中文等其他学科推行国民教育。我仍然记得当我终于开始对中国历史感兴趣了,因为我想“哦,我的天,我读的中国历史教科书和这些跨越边界的其他人(中国大陆人)是一样的”。我完全相信统一一直就是中国的宿命,中国传统的一切都是关于“我们不适合民主……”。所有这些谎言,我都完全相信。所以,基本上整套内容被分解成了不同的部分,现在它们又重新聚合在一起了。经过了20多年的研究,研究者们虽自我感觉良好,但因为每一次的胜利都是特定战场上的局部胜利,最终,北京下决心要彻底击倒这一切。这也正是加拿大人也相信了的内容。如果我们真的回到北方(指大陆),我更愿意将整个天安门事件(指六四大屠杀)归结为从一开始就注定会如此。
苏:是的,谢谢。当我们谈论战略时,我们想说我们需要找到一个目标,这个目标应该指导所有的战场……然而,当我们回顾香港的运动时,我们发现,是的,我们有战场,但缺乏战略或最终胜利,所以我认为可能是因为我们有一个最终目标,但我们没有战略去实现它。他们确实没有一个长期计划,就像你说的那样,“但这永远不会发生,所以他们会自己去抗议”,但至少如果你想成为领导人民走向最终胜利的领导者,那么你必须从那时开始计划。我认为他们可能在心里意识到,这不会发生,所以我们必须从一开始就做点什么。
许:实际上,我非常了解ICNC的人,我非常了解他们的论点,我教授全球自由斗争。有一点是我认为是正确的,那就是,确实没有一个非常强大的战略,因为这些委内瑞拉人,当他们在尼加拉瓜时,他们意识到他们有很多共同点。对每一个案例来说,我认为这都是正确的。
然而,与此同时,我认为,这也是我不同意ICNC的地方,我非常了解他们的文献,有时我也说,我甚至不知道该如何与他们交流,但我认识他们。而切诺维斯(Erica Chenoweth)和我,其实我们刚获得博士学位时就认识了。每一场运动,无论是成功还是失败的案例,我总是喜欢先教乌克兰,再才是香港。例如,你根据ICNC的教科书给我列举了香港失败的所有原因:他们转向暴力,他们没有策略,反对派领导人互不喜欢,无论他们能列出什么原因,这些与在乌克兰发生的事情都完全一样,无论是在2004年的橙色运动还是在14年的广场运动。所以,解释他们成功的不是战略,而是在大体上,有没有人以一种不被察觉的方式因胆怯而退缩了。
还有另一个案例,如果你看南非,他们有什么战略?他们互相厌恶。还有一个是印度。我写过相关文章,“印度的领导人是谁?”不是甘地(M. K. Gandhi)。甘地对印度来说什么也不是。实际上,他是其他国家的英雄,但不是印度的。
我要说的第二大问题是:虽然我说香港人,香港政治领导人,我说他们很乖,当十年期限到来,结果出来一个决定说,你们必须再等十年,他们就真的去等,但如果从深层次上去理解的话,我并不认为香港人、香港政治领导人就可以简单地用“乖”去形容。你知道,很多人并不是真的想要看到他们所珍视的几乎是一切价值最终都被完全抹去,然而,你又能做些什么呢?你不被允许赢,但如果你不丧失你的阵地,或者即使你失去了阵地, ……。那么,看看今天的乌克兰,有足够的支持。假如你能坚持得更久,这也算是一种准胜利吧。你知道,乌克兰永远不能……,你以为乌克兰的胜利是什么?收复所有失去的领土?那是做梦,其实是保持防线。所以,我会争辩说,民主派长期以来没有被看到的是,如果他们基本上不给你空间向前进,那么就要尽可能长时间地去抵挡。因此,如果你们能够团结一致保持防线的话,即使最终你的防线还是会被推倒,但你还是反击了它。所以,这就是我说的三十年的民主运动其实是在尽力保持防线,结果,北京原想在2003年就实施国家安全法,但民主运动成功地坚守防线长达20年。实际上,很多人没有看到这一点。
苏:所以,你的意思是说,坚持二十年本身已经是一种成功,一种胜利,对吗?
许:这只是我们所能做到的最好的了。这就像你问乌克兰人,他们是否希望设法保持防线而不想输掉。自2019年以来,香港人基本上被彻底击垮了,一辆无形的坦克,或基本上也可以说是一整排无形的坦克,向我们碾压了过来。
苏:那么,如果时间可以倒流,你认为香港人有没有办法找到一种和平的方法来实现他们的目标?
许:我确实相信我的观点是正确的,那就是没有。所以基本上我的看法就是,我们无法做得更好了。因为人们会问抗议的强度是否只会引来更严厉的镇压,我的个人意见认为,无论怎么做,镇压都是会发生的。为什么说在2019年?对我们来说,我们只是在接受挑战:如果我们要倒下,正如我们的标杆若是倒下,那么,我们也就无法再坚持下去了。而当我们倒下时,我们让全世界知道我们并非不战而败地倒下的。
事情结果是否会有不同?我会把责任指向英国政府和玛格丽特·撒切尔:如果他们达成了一个好的协议呢?然而,现在,也就是 2020年代,当你在听我讲这个的时候,正是因为国家安全法,就因为有了这个:一,他们在协议中没有包括任何,或者说完全不充分的,执行机制。二,当香港人民,所有的议员,立法会议员在1994年提出“我们需要保护,给我们英国护照,给我们保护”时,因为我们知道如果有退出作为选项,你可以决定是否要选择它,他们知道,他们有一条退路,所以他们会看着这一切怎么去发展。我认为这是唯一的办法。
在另一方面,我也要责怪英国。他们在1972年把香港从殖民地名单上撤下来,因为殖民地注定会行使对自己未来的自决权。实际上,英国基本上要承担所有的责任,而不是中国政府,它不承担责任,因为是他们出卖了我们。如果你还可以抓出任何毛病来的话,英国基本上无法否认它的责任,如果我们可以重写历史的话。
苏:是的。所以,实际上,对于我们在中国的人来说,我认为我们可以学到的教训是,我们不应该总是指望任何西方政府。继续谈2019年的运动,它被强烈的暴力镇压了,你认为他们为什么会面临如此严厉的镇压?
许:先回应你关于西方政府的观点,我认为你说得很对,每一个民主政体都必须由其本国人民去创造。这倒不是因为我也是香港民主委员会的联合创始人,我在国会工作过等等,其实,来自这些方面的效用是极为有限的。我认为,只有当你最终能够把你的事业转化为在某种程度上会影响他们利益的时候,他们才会采取一些行动。因此,香港民主与人权法案(Hong Kong democracy and human rights act),它被搁置了,五年下来却毫无进展,直到六月的百万人上街抗议之后,佩洛西(Nancy Pelosi)说,我们休会结束后,一复会就会通过它,但 2019年,它又在参议院被搁置了很久,最后,当两所大学实实在在地遭到暴力入侵,中文大学和香港科技大学,最终米奇·麦康奈尔(Mitch McConnell)无法再抵挡压力了,将其提交审议,这样,它才在参议院得到了通过。下一个法案是香港自治法案(Hong Kong Autonomy Act),我不想详细讨论,它实际上只是国会议员通过的,但它咬不了任何人,根本没有用,它的通过只是为了方便他们表态说他们做了一些事情。
真正能帮助人们的最重要的事情是人道主义移民。当时人们也是谈论得很热烈,但最终本应在参议院快车道上得到通过的,但泰德·克鲁兹(Ted Cruz)却说,你知道,我担心香港人中会有中国间谍,所以他说,“不,我必须反对香港人的移民,所以他们只能和所有人一样排长队等待庇护,这意味着很多年。”我知道的人里面,除了有一个在六个月内获得庇护的案例外,大多数人进入美国很早,有的早在2019年,他们至今仍然没有听到任何消息。那么,这是关于政府的方面。
另一方面,还有其他人进入美国,非常地多。委内瑞拉的前总统候选人,还有任何国家的前反对派领导人,他们都在美国,他们都在流亡,而且还在继续。由于我们的经验非常简单,我们真的必须形成一种民主联盟,因为独裁者共享他们的监视技术,他们共享他们的警察培训,诸如此类的所有事情;而与此对应的另一面是国际合作,它也是有用的,但这些实际上没有太多的资源。
其实,说到底,中英联合声明是向联合国提交的,中国是自愿签署的。它最讨厌的事就是当联合国人权事务高级专员公署写关于新疆的报告[1]时,这就是为什么他们要付出这么多努力:他们动用了巨大的关系网脉络以压制这份报告,他们想要确保报告不会过于尖锐,并尽力去压制它。它真的是想从联合国系统、从其他国家那里得到合法性的认可。如果你要得到法国和德国、英国和美国的支援,这不仅是不可靠的,甚至有看法认为,它们这些国家的存在,其必不可少的作用是,而且,这基本上也是所有的国家安全法的目标:切断任何形式的与外国的勾连。但是,联合国仍然是一条可行之路。
现在,你还有另一个问题……现在我忘了另一个问题是什么了。
苏:我是说,当我们是学生的时候,实际上政府对我们并没有那么严厉。
许:这也是他们从乌克兰学到的另一件事,我也告诉学生们,香港人在许多许多街角玩火,持续了一整个夏天。抗议者如何从乌克兰的反对派学到了这么多,实在是太惊人了,同时,警察也学到了很多战术。在乌克兰,他们专门针对急救人员,针对急救站。他们瞄准人的眼睛和头部,以最大限度地给他们造成伤害。它发生在当有人被击中倒下,而另一个人去试图救他的时候。同样的事情在香港也发生了。
为什么他们会这样做?我在2020年初发表了一篇关于它的文章“为什么他们想要这样做?”,因为他们想要阻止抗议。他们可能会使用威胁,但你知道,这些人无所畏惧:“我们要用任何方法来做到这一点,而前线人员的数量非常有限。”
因此,如果我们逮捕他们,并遵循旧的逮捕规则,那么你知道48小时后,他们会起诉他们;当时的司法系统还没有腐化,所以预期就是,如果我们逮捕这些人,他们只会再回到街头去抗议。所以,他们的手段就是伤害他们,以使运动瘫痪掉。
为什么?显然,他们一方面试图伤害他们,另外,因为警察可以去医院逮捕人。其严重程度使得急救人员不得不为自己担心,他们还要担心如何照顾这些人。还有一个著名的案例是一个香港科技大学的学生从购物中心跳下,他被拒绝救护……救护车想带他走,却被延误了一个多小时,最后他死了。这就是为什么:他们希望这些人死掉,或遭受如此严重的伤害:如果我们逮捕他们,基本上整个运动就瘫痪了。7月1日还有一个更严重的案例。……
苏:好吧,所以实际上他们故意这样做,目的是为了吓阻其他人,对吗?
许:是的,为了吓阻其他人,但也是为了把这些无法被吓阻的人打残,这样他们就无法再回到抗议中去了,因为他们受的伤太严重。
还有一个要点是,如果我们从ICNC学到什么的话,那就是应该要让镇压起到适得其反的效果。然而,北京从ICNC和吉恩·夏普(Gene Sharp)那里学到了所有这些内容。关于让镇压起到相反的效果,他们的盘算是,“那如果应用这一策略反倒让人们相信非暴力其实会令他们自己失败呢?那可就太好了!”
所以这就是为什么警察明确地知道,在每个抗议现场,都有多人在拍摄他们:《苹果日报》在现场,《立场新闻》在现场,《众新闻》在现场。《纽约时报》有三十人在场。在每一次警察实际上滥用暴力的过程中,他们都被拍摄和现场直播。
那么,为什么他们还是要这样做?还记得吗?这一点可以回想一下当年在“黑人的命也是命”的运动中,警察甚至把靴子踩在人们的脸上和脖子上的场景,那是每天都到处可见的场景。为什么?他们想要逼人们退出抗议。
苏:所以这是在抗议者方面。
许:是的,他们的暴力行为反而适得其反。他们想要吓阻,因为他们知道如何去逮捕人;但他们不知道如何应对抵制和罢工,或者只是唱歌的人。
苏:我们谈人们如何进行抗议,我记得你也说过,这还不够,所以,我们必须去罢工、抵制,做诸如此类的事情。这一策略,我们也叫“去中心化策略”。然而,在2019年,人们也尝试过发起大罢工,但并不那么成功。你认为这其中的原因是什么?
许:这是一个非常有趣的观察。为什么年轻人占领中文大学,因为他们明白这些大学恰好位于交通主干道的旁边,他们想要阻止交通。因为他们曾经尝试留在地铁站,但是直接被人们无视了。现在想想,8月5日有一次大规模的总罢工。所有机组的飞行员在8月5日都加入了罢工,接着,所有的机组人员也都加入了罢工。你知道,香港人只是发了一条信息。据说,几乎就是在一瞬间,国泰航空就被接管了:CEO换了,原来的CEO被炒了。国泰航空的每一个员工都被叫到经理办公室,“这是你的Facebook页面吗?你发了……”这是一次彻底的改变。
现在,人们想要保住工作,所以,这事变得非常棘手。另外,曼德拉还得出结论说,罢工和抵制不起作用,因为如果你只是告诉人们去罢工,是的,这是去中心化的,是的,也许人们不那么容易被捕,这不像是在商店里,所有人都被屠杀。但他们失去了工作;他们失去了高薪工作,因为国泰航空的员工是高度技能化的,一旦失去工作,他们很难找到另一份工作。所以,人们吸取了教训。
他们还学到了另一课:毕竟,最为非暴力的抗议方式实际上是选票。所以,人们在11月24日行使了投票权,并且大获全胜。虽然民主的声音或许不再统一而是分裂的,但也许仍然有可能赢得35加一的席位。人们还学到了,到年底,所有的前线人员要么被逮捕,要么受伤严重,他们都消失了。这时,温和派又回到了舞台上,他们赢得了选举。
在2019年末到2020年初,又有约6000个工会成立了,人们明白我们需要有更多的组织。所以医护人员走到了一起,因为医护人员已经有一个非常强大的工会。他们聚集在一起,投票就新冠疫情进行罢工抗议,这次不是关于民主,而是关于新冠,告诉香港政府要关闭边境。他们打电话到医院请病假, “那好,现在,你必须解释清楚究竟发生了什么事,否则我们会认为你参加了这次罢工。”他们为此受到了处罚,但因为香港严重缺乏医疗人员,所以他们没有真正解雇他们,但对他们响应组织罢工的行为作出了惩罚。
你可以看到还有更多的例子:1980年代的乡镇消费者抵制运动[2],它最终奏效了,因为他们准备得非常充分,他们囤积了足够四个月的供应,所以他们可以告诉人们,不要去那些店买东西。所有的东西,所有的供应都已经备足了。如果你不从所有其他抵制中的黑人商店那里购买,你就不会持续很长时间。但人们需要回去工作;人们需要回到他们的生活中。你需要准备充分,而且人们学习到了一点,就是,我们需要更加有组织性。这就是组织工作,但他们会去所有的组织进行逮捕,逮捕组织者。
苏:好的,我想今天的讨论真的是非常好。
许:是的,真的太谢谢你了,利利。
苏:我知道你那里已经是深夜了,谢谢你,太感谢了。
许:我现在就去睡了,晚安。
[1] 关于新疆的报告report on Xinjiang: OHCHR Assessment of human rights concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China(联合国人权高专办对中华人民共和国新疆维吾尔自治区人权关切问题的评估)
[2] 1980年代的城镇消费抵制运动(Township Consumer Boycotts during the 1980s),南非反种族隔离运动的一部分,该运动没有正式名称
许:很好。
苏:那我们就直入主题吧。可否请你概述基本法及其建立的过程?
许:关于基本法的具体细节,我认为,迈克(Michael C. Davis)的书《自由的解体(Freedom Undone)》会更有用,而且你们也在研讨这个话题。
但我想补充一点,这可能是并没有被问及的:我仍然记得当时刘慧卿(Emily Lau) 呼吁港人保持清醒,说香港人被英国背叛了,而玛格丽特·撒切尔夫人(Margaret Thatcher)非常恼火。我们能给你们的最好的解释是,可能《中英联合声明》并不像人们所担心的那么糟糕,前提是,你别无选择,只能接受它,并希望一切都朝好的方向发展。
然后才是基本法本身以及在北京掌权的人,如胡耀邦、赵紫阳。邓小平在当时赢得了大家的惊叹,大概是,“哇,我们在中国有了这些改革者,中国将发生真正的根本性的改变。
基本法还涉及到人民的声音:尽管有了新的选举,但谁是重要人物还是很难知道。但即便在早期,已经有迹象表明,北京违反了《中英联合声明》,早在1988年的时候就已经有了直接选举的呼声,如果我回溯以前的记录,“违约”则是当时的一个热门词。
我记得那些年我还是一名大学生,我记得我学的是新闻学,我的一位教授特别就此作了评论,结果,他被解雇了,他非常沮丧,你知道这可不是一个如何在科学调查中不提问的例子。
1989年发生了天安门事件,北京开始意识到《基本法》实际上给未来的自我毁灭埋下了种子。你谈到香港人使用《基本法》,有趣的是,我毕业后找到了第一份工作,非常讨厌它,我转而为李柱铭(Martin Lee)工作。我记得,过了一段时间,我辞职了,因为Martin认为《基本法》存在根本性的缺陷,而我们的要求是《基本法》完全反映《中英联合声明》中的承诺。当然,结果就是这样了。这样直到1997年,我认为没有人再谈论这这个问题了。
就当时的状况,我认为,如果你能基于已经被侵蚀的《基本法》兑现所有的承诺,人们还是可以接受的。但问题是,《基本法》规定了所有的逐步走向全民选举的步骤,包括行政长官的选举等等,人们的态度就好像是,“好吧,我们可以将就。”
接下来的心理预期是人们会开始要求更多的民主。过程中,你可以看到人们还是很愿意接受基本法的。他们只不过是试图说,“好吧,有些事还没有写下来”,这就是公众对第23条,以及后来把第45条和23条的立法问题摆一起的关注,它们涉及到关于行政长官和立法会选举等。
到了2007年,人们准备实施《基本法》了,结果,北京作出了决定,“不,不,不,我们必须再等十年。” 人们非常“乖”,他们就“乖乖”地去等:“那好吧,我们再等十年”,但是,“若这样,我们会认真对待这十年:我们必须从2014年开始进行咨询和准备,并在2017年和2018年按1997年之后的基本法进行选举,选出我想要的。”太晚了!这就是我希望就基本法作的介绍。
1997年以后,没人叫板了,大家都很听话,“好吧,前十年,你叫我们等,你叫我们一小步一小步地来,我们就一小步一小步;过了十年,你告诉我们这些步骤将再被冻结十年,好吧,我们等,但不能再久了。”这就是抗议爆发的原因。
苏:为什么人们心中有不满,但是仍然选择等待?你是否认为这是因为人们仍然相信中共会在未来的某一天认真对待基本法?
许:你知道,我是这样看的,它就好像是在说:我们不是放弃,但也不是像1989年那样团结起来游行,那时我们有一百万人上街。当时有很多港人在台湾,他们对台湾人的一个观察结论是,那里的公民社会实际上很弱很不稳定,而且他们的民主还是自上而下的;对比香港,港人是很有组织的,然而,有组织和声音大并不代表你可以得到你想要的。结果就是类似于这样一种感叹,“该怎么办?总不至于为每一个自由都去躺大街吧?”但人们对现状又都不喜欢:在过程中的每一步,人们都在抱怨。然而,结果仍然是“我们做不了太多”。
所以我不认为真的是中共的因素在里面,反而是认为,人们有这样一种心态,“好吧,这就是我们的现实。“但我们其实就是这么容易被击垮。我想当时我们觉得,或者说许多人觉得,长时间以来香港的自由、运作机制、法治体系都是相当坚固和完备的,不像很多其他的案例那样,它们是新兴的民主体。所以,我认为,这其中体现着一种信心,但也包含着对现实的接受。
苏:从一开始,香港人就有点像今天在中国的中国人,可能心里有抱怨,但它们不会真正地想要上街抗议,可能是风险太大吧。当年我的一个上司在1997年以前就移民了,他告诉我说,香港结局会很惨,甚至比不过上海。
许:我认为这是一个很好的问题,但我怀疑它有没有可比性。 我也参加抗议,直到2019年,没人期望能取得成功,因为当时你去参加抗议,从某方面讲,它更像是令人开心的活动,因为你知道,你和朋友一起去,然后吃饭,然后回家,然后你觉得你做了一点事。
我想现在是非常非常恼火的时候,但同时,人们已经不敢发声了。或者,如果他们无法忍受,他们会选择离开。所以现在,他们的所想所为就有点像你所说的在大陆的中国人一样。但很长一段时间,情况并不是这样的。但我得说人们是没有料到会是这样的结局。
你的上司可能是更有预见性的人,但我敢说,即使已经到比较晚的时候……我还是引述一段我自己的话来说吧,虽然已经是比较晚的时候,但我还是写下来并发表了,就是,北京不会希望完全扼杀香港的制度,因为,很多人,就和我一样,难以想象中共会做得那么过分,直到完全扼杀香港。
然而到了2022年,香港将不如上海的判断才成为当时的心理预期,当时为Covid的零容忍政策,确实去了上海,而且,人们很痛苦。那时我终于才明白过来,习近平就是要完全扼杀香港。所以,有人说香港未来会被断送,但我得说,那个声音在当时不是主导性的,我们当时有足够的力量来抵御很多一路以来发生的事情,在大的方面,我们还是对香港的制度有信心,我们也相信扼杀香港并不符合北京的利益。
苏:另外,关于⾹港的两次年度抗议活动,⼀个是由香港⽀联会组织的,另⼀个是在2003年后,由约50个组织联合⽽成的民间⼈权阵线(简称,民阵,CHRF)组织的,我得说这是⼀个⾮常好且成熟的平台,所以我想回到1989年,请问在这两天之外,他们还做了什么?
许:你知道黎恩灏(Eric Lai), 他可能在写作民阵的内容,主要人物是岑子杰(Jimmy Sham Tsz-ki), 他是来自中国的新主席,他也参与了民阵的过程。从某种意义上说,港支联,因为它是1989年组建的,此后,它一直继续下去,再后来就有了民主党。不过,它们之间重叠度其实很高,因为主要还是同一批人组建了支联会。他们当时的困惑就像是,“那么,我们现在该怎么办?呃,面对今天的天安门大屠杀,我们试图从美国要求公民正利,要求英国给我们英国护照,而北京政府已经和我们摊牌了……,这一切导向的结果是,我们还是要组建自己的政党。所以,基本上还是同样一批人,他们在后来组建了香港的民主党。那时我还在与他们一起工作,那是1991年至1994年的时候。当时的所有的运动都面临着同一个困扰:一旦你被认为“建制化”了,人们就不再喜欢你了。而民主党组党直到1994年,他们所做的事与之前完全一样:游行、抗议、唱一些歌,点蜡烛,然后回家,结果是毫无所成。所以,你所问的在当时就有人这样问了。
到2003年,有意思的是,当年有一群律师出来,他们带着彩虹、小册子出来动员大家的支持,这其中有吴蔼仪(Margaret Ng),还有Audrey(余若薇)。像吴蔼仪, 余若薇等等的所有这些人,他们是新面孔,新生力量。而在过去十年间,他们一直做着社会动员,所以,直到2003年,出来参加的人数本来是一直在下降、下降、下降……,都已经下降到目不忍睹了,到2003年的时候,一下子有了半百万的人上街,而且是年轻人,绝大多数都是年轻人和新面孔,这标志着运动进入到了新阶段。这时原来的第23条关注组转而也关注第45条,这时,公民党诞生了。
公民党得到了很多议席,民主党的态度是,“当然好啦,你知道,我们有那么多的共同点,想法、理念等等的所有方面。然而,仅仅几年后,公民党也被认为是腐朽和过时了。所以,你总是可以看到另一些激进的人,他们公开的表态大概就是,”你们这些人什么都没有做。“情况一直就是像这样的。
不过你关于民阵的说法还是有道理的,你还提到了一年两次的抗议。 公平地讲,人们,尤其是现在的年轻人,他们仅仅是从2019年才开始他们的抗议生涯,他们只看到了人们在这两天参加抗议,然后去吃饭,然后第二天就把所有这些事忘得干干净净。而他们不知道的是,在这两天的抗议之外,更重要的是,这些组织用了全年的所有其他的时间去开会、互相帮助、去传播信息、组织培训活动,并保持社会交往。
基本上,所有的公民社会圈都会达成一致,例如,当年的主题,它可能是这个或是那个,如何去实施,比如,协调方面,谁要做什么等等。期间,有很多年轻人,他们包括大学生,学生联合会的领导人,或多或少地,他们基本上就是通过这样的管道变成了活动家的。此外,还有很多的社会工作者(社工)和许许多多其他的人,基本上都从四面八方的各种渠道进入社会活动领域,从而汇聚到民阵的平台上。
所以,从某种意义上说,香港的公民社会本身就是一种协作的结果,此外,还有一点也应归因于民主派,因为政府之于它,就好像是“我们都……”,就我所听到的,像黄凤仪(Fermi Wong)以及很多其他社工群体所形容的那样,甚至如果你问香港众志(Demosisto)的成员,连他们也会说,“你知道吗?当我们和政府官员开会时,他们对我们可好了,他们给我们提建议,还会招待我们。所以,这确实是一个真正高质量的政府-社会之间的协作与合作。”但是现在我们也知道了,自上而下的改变是非常容易发生的:一旦上面发布命令,没人敢违命。我猜,一旦你不签署效忠基本法的誓言的话,他们肯定……
苏:确实如此。如果我们将2012年的抗议和2019年相比,2012年的抗议还是挺成功的,其评分是7/10。如果我们转入到学生抗议,或者说,学生和年轻人的,抗议话题,我觉得他们与老一辈的抗议非常不同,老一辈的抗议总是很有规律,而年轻人却是有非常明确的诉求。
许:你说的确实是,老一辈人被认为太过于建制化了,他们是有成就的专业人士,而且他们组建了公民党,过了没几年,他们也被认为是太过于建制化而过时了。
后来,学生们出来了。学生们实际上首先是抗议高铁,因为建高铁之处都是直线,所以沿途的所有村庄都被摧毁了。学生们开始在2009年对此进行抗议,当时很多这样的年轻学生,他们在放学后穿着校服出来抗议,他们中的许多人后来在2012年加入了黄之锋(Joshua Wong)、周庭(Agnes Chow)和罗冠聪(Nathan Law)他们 。
这也就是他们自己的组织,香港众志。然而,有意思的是,即便是香港众志,他们自己的组织,到了2019年,也被认为是过时了。黄之锋在6月12日、6月19日被抓入狱,他做的最聪明的事情是在出狱后没有在一场他没有帮助组织的运动中自称是领导者,而是保持沉默。这非常重要,也与2014年有关。
先谈一个重要现象,2019年的运动没有领导人。为什么没有?因为2014年的运动有领导,他们是大学生的学联(香港专上学生联合会),还有年轻的香港众志,但人们不喜欢这样。所以,在2014年的时候,就已经有呼声出来了,认为“和平抗议根本没有用”,因为从某种程度上,占中运动失败了,是因为他们被认为“没有权力撤离”,当时他希望做一个民意调查来决定要留还是要撤,结果,他做不了,做这件事的计划被阻挡了,而没有足够的支持,他不敢这样去做。
所以,在这次的僵持阶段,学生宣布要冲击政府大楼,这简直是一场灾难,因为他们是在激进派的强大压力下而采取的这次行动。
清晰的目标,“我们要民主;我们要……”,或者说大体上,香港支联会的首要目标就是两个词:“平反”和 “民主中国”;当涉及到香港本身时,始终是“我们需要民主来保护香港的自由”。香港人从不相信它,在所有这些年来,始终是在力争得到更多的民主,而这其中的每一步又都遭到了拒绝。
我不认为ICNC(国际非暴力冲突中心)的人……(听不清)。我认为目标是明确的。这种情况也是为什么我要在2020年1月的民主杂志(Journal of Democracy ,JOD)文章中提出争议,每次我们取得胜利,例如,2003年我们以为我们赢了,但实际上,这些只是一场战斗中的胜利:2012年,政府搁置了国民教育科,于是我们庆祝,“我们取得了胜利”,但这也只是战场上的一次胜利。
2003年后,成立了香港第二届政府,实际上国民教育在这时开始加快了步伐,侵蚀了香港的自治。他们的做法就是,“好吧,你们不想要特定的国民教育课程?”没关系,他们实际上通过历史、中文等其他学科推行国民教育。我仍然记得当我终于开始对中国历史感兴趣了,因为我想“哦,我的天,我读的中国历史教科书和这些跨越边界的其他人(中国大陆人)是一样的”。我完全相信统一一直就是中国的宿命,中国传统的一切都是关于“我们不适合民主……”。所有这些谎言,我都完全相信。所以,基本上整套内容被分解成了不同的部分,现在它们又重新聚合在一起了。经过了20多年的研究,研究者们虽自我感觉良好,但因为每一次的胜利都是特定战场上的局部胜利,最终,北京下决心要彻底击倒这一切。这也正是加拿大人也相信了的内容。如果我们真的回到北方(指大陆),我更愿意将整个天安门事件(指六四大屠杀)归结为从一开始就注定会如此。
苏:是的,谢谢。当我们谈论战略时,我们想说我们需要找到一个目标,这个目标应该指导所有的战场……然而,当我们回顾香港的运动时,我们发现,是的,我们有战场,但缺乏战略或最终胜利,所以我认为可能是因为我们有一个最终目标,但我们没有战略去实现它。他们确实没有一个长期计划,就像你说的那样,“但这永远不会发生,所以他们会自己去抗议”,但至少如果你想成为领导人民走向最终胜利的领导者,那么你必须从那时开始计划。我认为他们可能在心里意识到,这不会发生,所以我们必须从一开始就做点什么。
许:实际上,我非常了解ICNC的人,我非常了解他们的论点,我教授全球自由斗争。有一点是我认为是正确的,那就是,确实没有一个非常强大的战略,因为这些委内瑞拉人,当他们在尼加拉瓜时,他们意识到他们有很多共同点。对每一个案例来说,我认为这都是正确的。
然而,与此同时,我认为,这也是我不同意ICNC的地方,我非常了解他们的文献,有时我也说,我甚至不知道该如何与他们交流,但我认识他们。而切诺维斯(Erica Chenoweth)和我,其实我们刚获得博士学位时就认识了。每一场运动,无论是成功还是失败的案例,我总是喜欢先教乌克兰,再才是香港。例如,你根据ICNC的教科书给我列举了香港失败的所有原因:他们转向暴力,他们没有策略,反对派领导人互不喜欢,无论他们能列出什么原因,这些与在乌克兰发生的事情都完全一样,无论是在2004年的橙色运动还是在14年的广场运动。所以,解释他们成功的不是战略,而是在大体上,有没有人以一种不被察觉的方式因胆怯而退缩了。
还有另一个案例,如果你看南非,他们有什么战略?他们互相厌恶。还有一个是印度。我写过相关文章,“印度的领导人是谁?”不是甘地(M. K. Gandhi)。甘地对印度来说什么也不是。实际上,他是其他国家的英雄,但不是印度的。
我要说的第二大问题是:虽然我说香港人,香港政治领导人,我说他们很乖,当十年期限到来,结果出来一个决定说,你们必须再等十年,他们就真的去等,但如果从深层次上去理解的话,我并不认为香港人、香港政治领导人就可以简单地用“乖”去形容。你知道,很多人并不是真的想要看到他们所珍视的几乎是一切价值最终都被完全抹去,然而,你又能做些什么呢?你不被允许赢,但如果你不丧失你的阵地,或者即使你失去了阵地, ……。那么,看看今天的乌克兰,有足够的支持。假如你能坚持得更久,这也算是一种准胜利吧。你知道,乌克兰永远不能……,你以为乌克兰的胜利是什么?收复所有失去的领土?那是做梦,其实是保持防线。所以,我会争辩说,民主派长期以来没有被看到的是,如果他们基本上不给你空间向前进,那么就要尽可能长时间地去抵挡。因此,如果你们能够团结一致保持防线的话,即使最终你的防线还是会被推倒,但你还是反击了它。所以,这就是我说的三十年的民主运动其实是在尽力保持防线,结果,北京原想在2003年就实施国家安全法,但民主运动成功地坚守防线长达20年。实际上,很多人没有看到这一点。
苏:所以,你的意思是说,坚持二十年本身已经是一种成功,一种胜利,对吗?
许:这只是我们所能做到的最好的了。这就像你问乌克兰人,他们是否希望设法保持防线而不想输掉。自2019年以来,香港人基本上被彻底击垮了,一辆无形的坦克,或基本上也可以说是一整排无形的坦克,向我们碾压了过来。
苏:那么,如果时间可以倒流,你认为香港人有没有办法找到一种和平的方法来实现他们的目标?
许:我确实相信我的观点是正确的,那就是没有。所以基本上我的看法就是,我们无法做得更好了。因为人们会问抗议的强度是否只会引来更严厉的镇压,我的个人意见认为,无论怎么做,镇压都是会发生的。为什么说在2019年?对我们来说,我们只是在接受挑战:如果我们要倒下,正如我们的标杆若是倒下,那么,我们也就无法再坚持下去了。而当我们倒下时,我们让全世界知道我们并非不战而败地倒下的。
事情结果是否会有不同?我会把责任指向英国政府和玛格丽特·撒切尔:如果他们达成了一个好的协议呢?然而,现在,也就是 2020年代,当你在听我讲这个的时候,正是因为国家安全法,就因为有了这个:一,他们在协议中没有包括任何,或者说完全不充分的,执行机制。二,当香港人民,所有的议员,立法会议员在1994年提出“我们需要保护,给我们英国护照,给我们保护”时,因为我们知道如果有退出作为选项,你可以决定是否要选择它,他们知道,他们有一条退路,所以他们会看着这一切怎么去发展。我认为这是唯一的办法。
在另一方面,我也要责怪英国。他们在1972年把香港从殖民地名单上撤下来,因为殖民地注定会行使对自己未来的自决权。实际上,英国基本上要承担所有的责任,而不是中国政府,它不承担责任,因为是他们出卖了我们。如果你还可以抓出任何毛病来的话,英国基本上无法否认它的责任,如果我们可以重写历史的话。
苏:是的。所以,实际上,对于我们在中国的人来说,我认为我们可以学到的教训是,我们不应该总是指望任何西方政府。继续谈2019年的运动,它被强烈的暴力镇压了,你认为他们为什么会面临如此严厉的镇压?
许:先回应你关于西方政府的观点,我认为你说得很对,每一个民主政体都必须由其本国人民去创造。这倒不是因为我也是香港民主委员会的联合创始人,我在国会工作过等等,其实,来自这些方面的效用是极为有限的。我认为,只有当你最终能够把你的事业转化为在某种程度上会影响他们利益的时候,他们才会采取一些行动。因此,香港民主与人权法案(Hong Kong democracy and human rights act),它被搁置了,五年下来却毫无进展,直到六月的百万人上街抗议之后,佩洛西(Nancy Pelosi)说,我们休会结束后,一复会就会通过它,但 2019年,它又在参议院被搁置了很久,最后,当两所大学实实在在地遭到暴力入侵,中文大学和香港科技大学,最终米奇·麦康奈尔(Mitch McConnell)无法再抵挡压力了,将其提交审议,这样,它才在参议院得到了通过。下一个法案是香港自治法案(Hong Kong Autonomy Act),我不想详细讨论,它实际上只是国会议员通过的,但它咬不了任何人,根本没有用,它的通过只是为了方便他们表态说他们做了一些事情。
真正能帮助人们的最重要的事情是人道主义移民。当时人们也是谈论得很热烈,但最终本应在参议院快车道上得到通过的,但泰德·克鲁兹(Ted Cruz)却说,你知道,我担心香港人中会有中国间谍,所以他说,“不,我必须反对香港人的移民,所以他们只能和所有人一样排长队等待庇护,这意味着很多年。”我知道的人里面,除了有一个在六个月内获得庇护的案例外,大多数人进入美国很早,有的早在2019年,他们至今仍然没有听到任何消息。那么,这是关于政府的方面。
另一方面,还有其他人进入美国,非常地多。委内瑞拉的前总统候选人,还有任何国家的前反对派领导人,他们都在美国,他们都在流亡,而且还在继续。由于我们的经验非常简单,我们真的必须形成一种民主联盟,因为独裁者共享他们的监视技术,他们共享他们的警察培训,诸如此类的所有事情;而与此对应的另一面是国际合作,它也是有用的,但这些实际上没有太多的资源。
其实,说到底,中英联合声明是向联合国提交的,中国是自愿签署的。它最讨厌的事就是当联合国人权事务高级专员公署写关于新疆的报告[1]时,这就是为什么他们要付出这么多努力:他们动用了巨大的关系网脉络以压制这份报告,他们想要确保报告不会过于尖锐,并尽力去压制它。它真的是想从联合国系统、从其他国家那里得到合法性的认可。如果你要得到法国和德国、英国和美国的支援,这不仅是不可靠的,甚至有看法认为,它们这些国家的存在,其必不可少的作用是,而且,这基本上也是所有的国家安全法的目标:切断任何形式的与外国的勾连。但是,联合国仍然是一条可行之路。
现在,你还有另一个问题……现在我忘了另一个问题是什么了。
苏:我是说,当我们是学生的时候,实际上政府对我们并没有那么严厉。
许:这也是他们从乌克兰学到的另一件事,我也告诉学生们,香港人在许多许多街角玩火,持续了一整个夏天。抗议者如何从乌克兰的反对派学到了这么多,实在是太惊人了,同时,警察也学到了很多战术。在乌克兰,他们专门针对急救人员,针对急救站。他们瞄准人的眼睛和头部,以最大限度地给他们造成伤害。它发生在当有人被击中倒下,而另一个人去试图救他的时候。同样的事情在香港也发生了。
为什么他们会这样做?我在2020年初发表了一篇关于它的文章“为什么他们想要这样做?”,因为他们想要阻止抗议。他们可能会使用威胁,但你知道,这些人无所畏惧:“我们要用任何方法来做到这一点,而前线人员的数量非常有限。”
因此,如果我们逮捕他们,并遵循旧的逮捕规则,那么你知道48小时后,他们会起诉他们;当时的司法系统还没有腐化,所以预期就是,如果我们逮捕这些人,他们只会再回到街头去抗议。所以,他们的手段就是伤害他们,以使运动瘫痪掉。
为什么?显然,他们一方面试图伤害他们,另外,因为警察可以去医院逮捕人。其严重程度使得急救人员不得不为自己担心,他们还要担心如何照顾这些人。还有一个著名的案例是一个香港科技大学的学生从购物中心跳下,他被拒绝救护……救护车想带他走,却被延误了一个多小时,最后他死了。这就是为什么:他们希望这些人死掉,或遭受如此严重的伤害:如果我们逮捕他们,基本上整个运动就瘫痪了。7月1日还有一个更严重的案例。……
苏:好吧,所以实际上他们故意这样做,目的是为了吓阻其他人,对吗?
许:是的,为了吓阻其他人,但也是为了把这些无法被吓阻的人打残,这样他们就无法再回到抗议中去了,因为他们受的伤太严重。
还有一个要点是,如果我们从ICNC学到什么的话,那就是应该要让镇压起到适得其反的效果。然而,北京从ICNC和吉恩·夏普(Gene Sharp)那里学到了所有这些内容。关于让镇压起到相反的效果,他们的盘算是,“那如果应用这一策略反倒让人们相信非暴力其实会令他们自己失败呢?那可就太好了!”
所以这就是为什么警察明确地知道,在每个抗议现场,都有多人在拍摄他们:《苹果日报》在现场,《立场新闻》在现场,《众新闻》在现场。《纽约时报》有三十人在场。在每一次警察实际上滥用暴力的过程中,他们都被拍摄和现场直播。
那么,为什么他们还是要这样做?还记得吗?这一点可以回想一下当年在“黑人的命也是命”的运动中,警察甚至把靴子踩在人们的脸上和脖子上的场景,那是每天都到处可见的场景。为什么?他们想要逼人们退出抗议。
苏:所以这是在抗议者方面。
许:是的,他们的暴力行为反而适得其反。他们想要吓阻,因为他们知道如何去逮捕人;但他们不知道如何应对抵制和罢工,或者只是唱歌的人。
苏:我们谈人们如何进行抗议,我记得你也说过,这还不够,所以,我们必须去罢工、抵制,做诸如此类的事情。这一策略,我们也叫“去中心化策略”。然而,在2019年,人们也尝试过发起大罢工,但并不那么成功。你认为这其中的原因是什么?
许:这是一个非常有趣的观察。为什么年轻人占领中文大学,因为他们明白这些大学恰好位于交通主干道的旁边,他们想要阻止交通。因为他们曾经尝试留在地铁站,但是直接被人们无视了。现在想想,8月5日有一次大规模的总罢工。所有机组的飞行员在8月5日都加入了罢工,接着,所有的机组人员也都加入了罢工。你知道,香港人只是发了一条信息。据说,几乎就是在一瞬间,国泰航空就被接管了:CEO换了,原来的CEO被炒了。国泰航空的每一个员工都被叫到经理办公室,“这是你的Facebook页面吗?你发了……”这是一次彻底的改变。
现在,人们想要保住工作,所以,这事变得非常棘手。另外,曼德拉还得出结论说,罢工和抵制不起作用,因为如果你只是告诉人们去罢工,是的,这是去中心化的,是的,也许人们不那么容易被捕,这不像是在商店里,所有人都被屠杀。但他们失去了工作;他们失去了高薪工作,因为国泰航空的员工是高度技能化的,一旦失去工作,他们很难找到另一份工作。所以,人们吸取了教训。
他们还学到了另一课:毕竟,最为非暴力的抗议方式实际上是选票。所以,人们在11月24日行使了投票权,并且大获全胜。虽然民主的声音或许不再统一而是分裂的,但也许仍然有可能赢得35加一的席位。人们还学到了,到年底,所有的前线人员要么被逮捕,要么受伤严重,他们都消失了。这时,温和派又回到了舞台上,他们赢得了选举。
在2019年末到2020年初,又有约6000个工会成立了,人们明白我们需要有更多的组织。所以医护人员走到了一起,因为医护人员已经有一个非常强大的工会。他们聚集在一起,投票就新冠疫情进行罢工抗议,这次不是关于民主,而是关于新冠,告诉香港政府要关闭边境。他们打电话到医院请病假, “那好,现在,你必须解释清楚究竟发生了什么事,否则我们会认为你参加了这次罢工。”他们为此受到了处罚,但因为香港严重缺乏医疗人员,所以他们没有真正解雇他们,但对他们响应组织罢工的行为作出了惩罚。
你可以看到还有更多的例子:1980年代的乡镇消费者抵制运动[2],它最终奏效了,因为他们准备得非常充分,他们囤积了足够四个月的供应,所以他们可以告诉人们,不要去那些店买东西。所有的东西,所有的供应都已经备足了。如果你不从所有其他抵制中的黑人商店那里购买,你就不会持续很长时间。但人们需要回去工作;人们需要回到他们的生活中。你需要准备充分,而且人们学习到了一点,就是,我们需要更加有组织性。这就是组织工作,但他们会去所有的组织进行逮捕,逮捕组织者。
苏:好的,我想今天的讨论真的是非常好。
许:是的,真的太谢谢你了,利利。
苏:我知道你那里已经是深夜了,谢谢你,太感谢了。
许:我现在就去睡了,晚安。
[1] 关于新疆的报告report on Xinjiang: OHCHR Assessment of human rights concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China(联合国人权高专办对中华人民共和国新疆维吾尔自治区人权关切问题的评估)
[2] 1980年代的城镇消费抵制运动(Township Consumer Boycotts during the 1980s),南非反种族隔离运动的一部分,该运动没有正式名称
保持防线:抵抗与镇压
Holding the Line: Resistance and Repression
简介
在这段引人入胜的采访中,我们通过苏和许之间的对话深入探讨了香港抗议运动的各个阶段,包括自中英联合声明签署以来,不断演变的斗争和公民抵抗,重点介绍了截止2020年的关键事件以及活动家和公民社会的策略演变。
在整个采访中,许分析了香港抗议运动多年来所面临的挑战。她阐述了结构性和政治性因素对非暴力抵抗的有效性的制约。许的观点还包括对政治环境以及非暴力抵抗理论的批判。
这次采访全面概述了香港人为争取民主和自由所面临的挑战以及他们的坚韧性,并与其他国家的斗争进行了比较分析。无论你对香港的抗议情况是否熟悉,抑或想更好地了解香港的抗争历史,这次对话都将为你提供宝贵的见解,为你分析香港人为捍卫自由、生活方式和争取民主而进行的历史斗争。
在这段引人入胜的采访中,我们通过苏和许之间的对话深入探讨了香港抗议运动的各个阶段,包括自中英联合声明签署以来,不断演变的斗争和公民抵抗,重点介绍了截止2020年的关键事件以及活动家和公民社会的策略演变。
在整个采访中,许分析了香港抗议运动多年来所面临的挑战。她阐述了结构性和政治性因素对非暴力抵抗的有效性的制约。许的观点还包括对政治环境以及非暴力抵抗理论的批判。
这次采访全面概述了香港人为争取民主和自由所面临的挑战以及他们的坚韧性,并与其他国家的斗争进行了比较分析。无论你对香港的抗议情况是否熟悉,抑或想更好地了解香港的抗争历史,这次对话都将为你提供宝贵的见解,为你分析香港人为捍卫自由、生活方式和争取民主而进行的历史斗争。